The integrity of chemically treated plasmid DNA as a chemical-based choice for prion clearance

In regenerative medical merchandise for medical purposes, a significant concern is the danger of ruminant-derived supplies creating transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) within the manufacturing course of. Due to the danger of TSE inflicting prion illness, the uncooked supplies derived from ruminants ought to be compliant with the “Customary for Organic Uncooked Supplies” to make sure the standard and security of pharmaceutical merchandise.

We due to this fact examined whether or not plasmid DNA may face up to 4 chemical reagents (Gdn-HCl, Gdn-SCN, TCA, or SDS), having referred to the report by Tateishi et al. [1], which describes how Creutzfeldt-Jakob illness pathogens will be inactivated by chemical reagents able to producing a 7-log discount in prion inactivation. We noticed that plasmid DNA was combined with chemical reagents and that the performance of plasmid DNA was equal for each chemical and non-chemical remedy.

The efficiency of plasmid DNA was monitored by the existence of DNA fragments and the perform by which GFP proteins had been produced by HEK293-cell transfected plasmid DNA. The existence of DNA fragments was detected in plasmid DNA handled by chemical reagents, besides when present process TCA remedy. Moreover, when HEK293 cells had been transfected with the plasmid DNA after chemical remedy, GFP protein was produced. These outcomes point out that plasmid DNA can face up to the chemical therapies for blocking prion transmission.

Identification of a Potential Membrane-Concentrating on Sequence within the C-Terminus of the F Plasmid Segregation Protein SopA

Steady upkeep and partitioning of the ‘Fertility’ plasmid or the F plasmid in its host Escherichia coli require the perform of a ParA superfamily of proteins often called SopA. The mechanism by which SopA mediates plasmid segregation is effectively studied. SopA is a nucleoid-binding protein and binds DNA in an ATP-dependent however sequence non-specific method. ATP hydrolysis stimulated by the binding of the SopBC complicated mediates the discharge of SopA from the nucleoid.

Cycles of ATP-binding and hydrolysis generate an ATPase gradient that strikes the plasmid by a chemophoresis pressure. Nucleoid binding of SopA thus assumes a central function in its plasmid-partitioning perform. Nevertheless, earlier work additionally means that the F plasmid will be partitioned into anucleate cells, thus implicating nucleoid impartial partitioning. Curiously, SopA can be reported to be related to the inside membrane of the micro organism. Right here, we report the identification of a doable membrane-targeting sequence, a predicted amphipathic helix, on the C-terminus of SopA.

Molecular dynamics simulations point out that the anticipated amphipathic helical motif of SopA has weak affinity for membranes. Furthermore, we experimentally present that SopA can affiliate with bacterial membranes, is detectable within the membrane fractions of bacterial lysates, and is delicate to the membrane potential. Additional, not like the wild-type SopA, a deletion of the C-terminal 29 amino acids leads to the lack of F plasmids from bacterial cells.

The integrity of chemically treated plasmid DNA as a chemical-based choice for prion clearance

Novel lipid mixture for supply of plasmid DNA to immune cells within the spleen

This research experiences on the event of a novel lipid mixture that allows the environment friendly and extremely selective supply of plasmid DNA (pDNA) to immune cells within the spleen. Utilizing DODAP, an ionizable lipid that was beforehand considered inefficient for gene supply, we present for the primary time, that this ignored lipid will be efficiently used for environment friendly and focused gene supply in vivo, however solely when mixed with DOPE, a particular helper lipid. Utilizing sure DODAP and DOPE ratios resulted within the formation of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) with a ~ 1000-fold increased gene expression, and this expression was particular for the spleen, making it essentially the most spleen-selective system for transfection utilizing pDNA.

The developed DODAP/DOPE-LNPs to focus on immune cells within the spleen through receptors for complement C3 and this pathway is essential for environment friendly gene expression. We hypothesize that the excessive spleen transfection exercise of DODAP/DOPE-LNPs is attributable to the promotion of gene expression related to B cell activation through complement receptors.

LNPs encapsulating tumor-antigen encoding pDNA confirmed each prophylactic and therapeutic anti-tumor results. The optimized LNPs resulted within the manufacturing of various cytokines and antigen-specific antibodies in addition to exerting antigen-specific cytotoxic results. This research revives using DODAP in gene supply and highlights the significance of utilizing applicable lipid mixtures for delivering genes to particular cells.

Dilemma on plasmid DNA purification: binding capability vs selectivity

Plasmid DNA chromatography is a robust discipline in fixed improvement and evolution. The usage of this system is taken into account necessary within the manufacturing of an environment friendly and protected formulation to be utilized for plasmid-mediated gene remedy. Regarding this, the seek for a really perfect chromatographic assist/ligand mixture motivated scientist to pursue a steady enchancment on the plasmid chromatography efficiency, in search of a development on the ligands and helps used.

QF Buffer for Plasmid DNA Isolation

10760037-1 250 mL
EUR 24.44

QF Buffer for Plasmid DNA Isolation

10760037-2 500 mL
EUR 43.01

QF Buffer for Plasmid DNA Isolation

10760037-3 1 L
EUR 76.87

QBT Buffer for Plasmid DNA Isolation

10760035-1 250 mL
EUR 34.22

QBT Buffer for Plasmid DNA Isolation

10760035-2 500 mL
EUR 49.13

QBT Buffer for Plasmid DNA Isolation

10760035-3 1 L
EUR 71.93

Plasmid DNA Isolation Solutions I, II, III

10760027-1 1 Kit
EUR 85.98

ExoPure? Isolation Kit   (Serum, Plasma)

K1238-10 each
EUR 836.4

ExoPure? Isolation Kit   (Serum, Plasma)

K1238-2 each
EUR 470.4

FitAmp Plasma/Serum DNA Isolation Kit 

P-1004
  • EUR 416.70
  • EUR 149.60
  • EUR 253.00
  • 100 Samples
  • 50 Samples
  • 100 Samples

Exosome Isolation kit (for serum & plasma)

P101 - Ask for price

Exosome Isolation kit (for serum & plasma)

P101L - Ask for price

Exosome Isolation kit (for serum & plasma)

P101S - Ask for price

OrgFrontier? Plasma Membrane Isolation Kit

K414-10 each
EUR 679.2

Plasma Membrane Isolation Kit, Catalog: PI-0104

PI-0104 50 preparations
EUR 450

Rna Isolation Kit

11828665001 EACH
EUR 378.62

miRNA Isolation Kit

FAMIK--001 Rxns: 100
EUR 398.4
Description: Contents of the kit:
  • Rxns:100Lysis
  • Buffer-10 ml
  • Acid-Phenol-10 ml
  • RNA Column and Collection Tube-100 sets
  • Wash Buffer-10 ml
  • Release Buffer-0.5 ml

miRNA Isolation Kit

FAMIK--002 Rxns: 50
EUR 267.6

miRNA Isolation Kit

FYG304-100P 100 Preps Ask for price

Exosome Isolation Kit

E601E001 20 tests
EUR 2500

MicroRNA Isolation Kit

KS341025 1 kit
EUR 247

Endosome Isolation Kit

P528 - Ask for price

ExoQuick ULTRA EV Isolation Kit for Serum and Plasma

EQULTRA-20A-1 20 reactions
EUR 941

Microsome Isolation Kit

K249-50 each
EUR 633.6

Total RNA Isolation Kit (Plant)

P-9104 50 samples
EUR 416.7

Rapid Plant RNA Isolation Kit

PT4191 50Preps
EUR 95.63

Plant/Fungi DNA Isolation Kit

10760114-1 50 Prep(s)
EUR 350.39

Protoplast Isolation Kit

30210002-1 20 Prep(s)
EUR 199.16

Protoplast Isolation Kit

30210002-2 50 Prep(s)
EUR 438.32

Chloroplast Isolation Kit

30210000-1 20 Prep(s)
EUR 273.97

Mitochondria Isolation Kit

AR0156 1 kit
EUR 127.2

Preadipocyte Isolation Kit

K583-5 each
EUR 639.6

Urine DNA Isolation Kit

K5011150 1 kit
EUR 237

Stool DNA Isolation Kit

K5011250 1 kit
EUR 237

Serum DNA Isolation Kit

K5018100 1 kit
EUR 355

Total RNA Isolation Kit

P-9100 50 samples
EUR 416.7

Genoirse Plant DNA Isolation Kit

GR101083 50
EUR 223

Saliva DNA Isolation Kit

K5011050 1 kit
EUR 237

Genomic DNA Isolation Kit

55R-1362 50 assays
EUR 462
Description: Genomic DNA Isolation Kit for use in the research laboratory

Easy3-RNA Isolation Kit

FYG501-100P 100 Preps Ask for price

Easy3-RNA Isolation Kit

FYG501-500P 500 Preps Ask for price

Genomic DNA Isolation Kit

K281-50 each
EUR 326.4

Genomic DNA Isolation Kit

K2118-50 50 assays
EUR 385.2

Exosome Isolation kit (for serum & plasma -Exosome-RNA-NGS)

P101NGS - Ask for price

Yeast Nuclei Isolation Kit

K289-50 each
EUR 470.4

Lipid Droplet Isolation Kit

MET-5011 50 preps
EUR 498
Description: Lipid droplets are lipid rich organelles found in the adipose tissue of eukaryotes. They function to regulate the hydrolysis and storage of neutral lipids and serve as storage for cholesterol and acyl-glycerols. Lipid droplets have also been associated with inflammatory responses, obesity, atherosclerosis, and cancer.

ExoPure? Isolation Kit   (Urine)

K1240-10 each
EUR 836.4

ExoPure? Isolation Kit   (Urine)

K1240-2 each
EUR 483.6

Cartilage RNA Isolation Kit

K2031010 1 kit
EUR 443

Apoptotic Cell Isolation Kit

55R-1349 30 units
EUR 874.8
Description: Apoptotic Cell Isolation Kit for use in the research laboratory

Apoptotic Cell Isolation Kit

K258-30 each
EUR 561.6

miRNA ISOLATION KIT-TISSUE

IB47370 4 PREP KIT
EUR 30.42

miRNA ISOLATION KIT-TISSUE

IB47371 100 PREP KIT
EUR 579.66

Total RNA Isolation Kit II

FATRS--001 100 preps
EUR 369.6

Total RNA Isolation Kit II

FATRS--050 50 preps
EUR 259.2

EVery EV RNA Isolation Kit

EVery100B-1 20 preps
EUR 412

VEX Exosome Isolation Reagent (from plasma)

R603 10 ml
EUR 769.2

Phenol-Free Plant RNA Isolation Kit

10760056-1 50 Prep(s)
EUR 170.53

Exo-Urine EV Isolation Kit

EXOU100A-1 2 x 5 reactions
EUR 490

FitAmp Gel DNA Isolation Kit

P-1007 100 Samples
EUR 324.48

Cell Mitochondria Isolation Kit

abx090630-50100tests 50-100 tests
EUR 309.6

Mitochondrial DNA Isolation Kit

55R-1361 50 assays
EUR 990
Description: Mitochondrial DNA Isolation Kit for use in the research laboratory

Mitochondrial DNA Isolation Kit

K280-50 each
EUR 705.6

Mitochondrial DNA Isolation Kit

K2117-50 50 assays
EUR 718.8

Mitochondrial DNA Isolation Kit

K2117-1 1 kit
EUR 858
Description: Isolates mt. DNA, no genomic DNA contamination

Cell Mitochondria Isolation Kit

ETF3601 100 assays
EUR 135

Plant Tissue Genomic DNA Isolation Kit

K316-100 each
EUR 451.2

Rapid Blood RNA Isolation Kit

BT4182 10Preps
EUR 98.36

Rapid Blood RNA Isolation Kit

BT4183 50Preps
EUR 197.03

Rapid Blood RNA Isolation Kit

BT4184 250preps
EUR 608.1

Whole Blood DNA Isolation Kit

K528-100 each
EUR 451.2

Yeast Mitochondria Isolation Kit

K259-50 each
EUR 502.8

XCF COMPLETE Exosome and cfDNA Isolation Kit (for Serum and Plasma)

XCF100A-1 20 rxn
EUR 583

FitAmp Urine DNA Isolation Kit 

P-1017
  • EUR 474.12
  • EUR 171.60
  • EUR 292.60
  • 100 Samples
  • 50 Samples
  • 100 Samples

Total RNA Isolation Kit (Tissue)

P-9102 50 samples
EUR 416.7

EpiMag Viral RNA Isolation Kit

P-9108-050 50 samples
EUR 152.9

XCF Exosomal DNA Isolation Kit

XCF200A-1 20 rxn
EUR 328

Tissue Mitochondria Isolation Kit

abx090631-50100assays 50-100 assays
EUR 309.6

Tissue Mitochondria Isolation Kit

ETF3606 100 assays
EUR 135

Lysosome Isolation Kit (20 tests)

P534 - Ask for price

Exosome Isolation kit (for urine)

P120L - Ask for price

Exosome Isolation kit (for urine)

P120S - Ask for price

Easy3-Plant RNA Isolation Kit

FYG502-100P 100 Preps Ask for price

Easy3-Plant RNA Isolation Kit

FYG502-500P 500 Preps Ask for price

FastPure FFPE DNA Isolation Kit

DC105-01 50 rxns
EUR 75.2

CD19 Positive Cell Isolation Kit

78564-1 1 x 10^8 Cells
EUR 70
Description: The CD19 Positive Cell Isolation Kit is designed to magnetically separate CD19-expressing-cells from a complex immune cell population. This kit is optimized for the isolation of CD19 positive cells from normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Cells are incubated with the antibody:bead complex and placed on a magnet for quick and easy separation. When placed on the magnet, CD19-positive cells will be immobilized along the side of the tube while undesired CD19-negative cells will remain in suspension for easy removal.

CD19 Positive Cell Isolation Kit

78564-2 1 x 10^9 Cells
EUR 630
Description: The CD19 Positive Cell Isolation Kit is designed to magnetically separate CD19-expressing-cells from a complex immune cell population. This kit is optimized for the isolation of CD19 positive cells from normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Cells are incubated with the antibody:bead complex and placed on a magnet for quick and easy separation. When placed on the magnet, CD19-positive cells will be immobilized along the side of the tube while undesired CD19-negative cells will remain in suspension for easy removal.

Rapid Bacteria RNA Isolation Kit

BS8625 50Preps
EUR 95.63

ExoPure? Isolation Kit   (Cell Media)

K1237-10 each
EUR 796.8

ExoPure? Isolation Kit   (Cell Media)

K1237-2 each
EUR 470.4

ExoPure? Isolation Kit   (Bio Fluids)

K1241-10 each
EUR 836.4

ExoPure? Isolation Kit   (Bio Fluids)

K1241-2 each
EUR 483.6

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Isolation Kit

K438-10 each
EUR 333.6

Apoptotic DNA Ladder Isolation Kit

K170-50 each
EUR 561.6

Cell Surface Protein Isolation Kit

K295-10 each
EUR 601.2

Apoptotic DNA Ladder Isolation Kit

K2045-50 50 assays
EUR 602.4

GPC1 Capture Exosome Isolation Kit

E601E004 20 tests
EUR 2500

CD63 Capture Exosome Isolation Kit

E601E005 20 tests
EUR 2500

CD81 Capture Exosome Isolation Kit

E601E006 20 tests
EUR 2500

Blood and Serum DNA Isolation Kit

K5017100 1 kit
EUR 355

Bacterial Genomic DNA Isolation Kit

K309-100 each
EUR 451.2

Breast cancer Exosome Isolation Kit

E601E002 20 tests
EUR 2500

EPCAM Capture Exosome Isolation Kit

E601E003 20 tests
EUR 2500

HSP70 Capture Exosome Isolation Kit

E601E007 20 tests
EUR 2500

EZExtract? Core Histone Isolation Kit

K234-100 each
EUR 314.4

10-min. Single Cell Isolation Kit

P713-20 - Ask for price

MagIso NK Cell Isolation Kit, Human

WHK-B023 20 tests, 200 tests Ask for price

FastPure Plant DNA Isolation Mini Kit

DC104 50 rxn
EUR 192

FastPure Plant DNA Isolation Mini Kit

DC104-01 50 rxns
EUR 60

Circulating Nuleic Acid Isolation Kit

FACFK-050 50 preps
EUR 589.2

Circulating Nuleic Acid Isolation Kit

FACFK-100 100 preps
EUR 990

Detergent-Free Nuclei Isolation Kit

P524-2 - Ask for price

Detergent-Free Nuclei Isolation Kit

P524-20 - Ask for price

Detergent-Free Nuclei Isolation Kit

P524-80 - Ask for price

Mouse Brain Microvessel Isolation Kit

P750-4 - Ask for price

Broad Range Total RNA Isolation Kit

K1341050 1 kit
EUR 259

MagIso CD3 Cell Isolation Kit, Mouse

WHK-B009 20 tests, 200 tests Ask for price

SmartSEC™ HT EV Isolation System (for Serum & Plasma)

SSEC096A-1 96 rxn
EUR 2080

Org Frontier? Chloroplast Isolation Kit

K468-10 each
EUR 666

Nucleic fluid extraction isolation kit

K1137-100 100rxns
EUR 160
Description: Nucleic fluid extraction isolation kit

Nucleic fluid extraction isolation kit

K1137-200 200rxns
EUR 270
Description: Nucleic fluid extraction isolation kit

Nucleic fluid extraction isolation kit

K1137-50 50rxns
EUR 90
Description: Nucleic fluid extraction isolation kit

MagIso CD90.2 Cell Isolation Kit, Mouse

WHK-B010 20 tests, 200 tests Ask for price

Easy3-Total NucleicAcid Isolation Kit

FYG504-100ML 100 ml Ask for price

Easy3-Total NucleicAcid Isolation Kit

FYG504-500ML 500 ml Ask for price

ExoPure? Isolation Kit   (Stem Cell Media)

K1239-10 each
EUR 901.2

ExoPure? Isolation Kit   (Stem Cell Media)

K1239-2 each
EUR 510

8-min Intact Plant Chloroplast Isolation Kit

P511L - Ask for price

Rapid Fungal Genomic DNA Isolation Kit

FT71415 50Preps
EUR 91.97

MagIso CX3CR1 Cell Isolation Kit, Mouse

WHK-B017 10 tests, 100 tests Ask for price

FastPure Universal Plant Total RNA Isolation Kit

RC411-01 50 rxns
EUR 100

Mitochondria Isolation Kit (Cultured Cells)

K1138-10 10rxns
EUR 35
Description: Mitochondria Isolation Kit

Mitochondria Isolation Kit (Cultured Cells)

K1138-20 20rxns
EUR 55
Description: Mitochondria Isolation Kit

Mitochondria Isolation Kit (Cultured Cells)

K1138-30 30rxns
EUR 70
Description: Mitochondria Isolation Kit

Easy3-Plant Genomic DNA Isolation Kit

FYG503-100P 100 Preps Ask for price

Easy3-Plant Genomic DNA Isolation Kit

FYG503-500P 500 Preps Ask for price

MagIso CD4 T Cell Isolation Kit, Human

WHK-B001 10 tests
EUR 724.8

MagIso CD8 T Cell Isolation Kit, Human

WHK-B002 10 tests
EUR 724.8

MagIso CD4 T Cell Isolation Kit, Mouse

WHK-B003 10 tests
EUR 724.8

MagIso CD8 T Cell Isolation Kit, Mouse

WHK-B004 10 tests
EUR 724.8

MagIso Pan B Cell Isolation Kit, Mouse

WHK-B013 20 tests, 200 tests Ask for price

MagIso Pan B Cell Isolation Kit, Human

WHK-B022 20 tests, 200 tests Ask for price

Rapid Bacteria Genomic DNA Isolation Kit

BS8225 50Preps
EUR 91.97

Human Whole Blood Monocyte Isolation Kit

K933-30 each
EUR 451.2

Mammalian Cell Genomic DNA Isolation Kit

K967-100 each
EUR 457.2

EpiQuik Magbeads Quick RNA Isolation Kit

P-9106-050 50 samples
EUR 163.9

Exosome Isolation kit (forHuman Body Fluid)

P121 - Ask for price

Exosome Isolation kit (forHuman Body Fluid)

P121L - Ask for price

Exosome Isolation kit (forHuman Body Fluid)

P121S - Ask for price

MagIso Naïve B Cell Isolation Kit, Human

WHK-B024 20 tests, 200 tests Ask for price

Soil DNA Isolation Mini Kit (100prep)

FASOI-001-1 100 preps
EUR 241.2

Soil RNA Isolation Mini Kit (100prep)

FASRK-100 100 preps
EUR 224.4

MagIso Neutrophil Cell Isolation Kit, Mouse

WHK-B015 10 tests, 100 tests Ask for price

Soil DNA Isolation Mini Kit (50prep)

FASOI-001 50 preps
EUR 189.6

Soil DNA Isolation Midi Kit (24prep)

FASOI-002 24 preps
EUR 259.2

Soil RNA Isolation Mini Kit (50prep)

FASRK-001 50 preps
EUR 180

MagIso Pan B Cell Isolation Kit, Mouse Ⅱ

WHK-B012 20 tests, 200 tests Ask for price

PSEUDOMONAS ISOLATION AGAR

P16-114-10kg 10 kg
EUR 2058

PSEUDOMONAS ISOLATION AGAR

P16-114-2kg 2kg
EUR 494.4

PSEUDOMONAS ISOLATION AGAR

P16-114-500g 500 g
EUR 177.6

Chlamydia Isolation Medium

10-340100 100 mL Ask for price
Description: use with Chlamydial cell cultures

Chlamydia Isolation Medium

10-340500 500 mL Ask for price
Description: use with Chlamydial cell cultures

FastPure FFPE DNA Isolation Mini Kit

DC105 50 rxn
EUR 241.2

EpiQuik Total RNA Isolation Fast Kit

P-9105-050 50 samples
EUR 176

EpiQuik Viral RNA Isolation Fast Kit

P-9107-050 50 samples
EUR 167.2

PSEUDOMONAS ISOLATION BROTH

P16-115-10kg 10 kg Ask for price

PSEUDOMONAS ISOLATION BROTH

P16-115-2Kg 2 Kg Ask for price

PSEUDOMONAS ISOLATION BROTH

P16-115-500g 500 g Ask for price

Exosome Isolation kit (for cell culture media)

P100 - Ask for price

Exosome Isolation kit (for cell culture media)

P100L - Ask for price

Exosome Isolation kit (for cell culture media)

P100S - Ask for price

MagIso Pan Monocyte Cell Isolation Kit, Human

WHK-B021 20 tests, 200 tests Ask for price

FastPure Cell/Tissue Total RNA Isolation Kit

RC101 50 rxn
EUR 274.8

10x Cell Isolation Buffer

78563 5 ml
EUR 25
Description: This buffer is intended for use with mammalian cells during magnetic cell isolation or single cell processing. This buffer is optimized and formulated to reduce nonspecific binding and cell clumping

ExoQuick Exosome Isolation and RNA Purification kit (for Serum and Plasma)

EQ806A-1 20 preps
EUR 493

One-Tube Bacteria Genomic DNA Isolation Kit

BS8413 100preps
EUR 94.72

One-Tube Bacteria Genomic DNA Isolation Kit

BS8414 500Preps, 500prep
EUR 198.85

MagIso Pan Dendritic Cell Isolation Kit, Mouse

WHK-B011 20 tests, 200 tests Ask for price

MagIso CD8 Naïve T Cell Isolation Kit, Mouse

WHK-B018 20 tests, 200 tests Ask for price

MagIso CD4 Naïve T Cell Isolation Kit, Mouse

WHK-B019 20 tests, 200 tests Ask for price

MagIso CD8 Naïve T Cell Isolation Kit, Human

WHK-B025 20 tests, 200 tests Ask for price

MagIso CD4 Naïve T Cell Isolation Kit, Human

WHK-B027 20 tests, 200 tests Ask for price

MagIso B Cell (CD43-) Cell Isolation Kit, Human

WHK-B030 20 tests, 200 tests Ask for price

SmartSEC™ HT EV Isolation System (for Serum & Plasma) - Trial Size

SSEC008A-SAM 8 rxn
EUR 203

Mammalian Mitochondria Isolation Kit for Tissue

abx098857-50rxns 50 rxns
EUR 493.2

MagIso CD14+ Monocytes Cell Isolation Kit, Human

WHK-B029 10 tests, 100 tests Ask for price

MagIso CD8 Memory T Cell Isolation Kit, Human

WHK-B026 20 tests, 200 tests Ask for price

MagIso CD4 Memory T Cell Isolation Kit, Human

WHK-B028 20 tests, 200 tests Ask for price
The current evaluation explores the totally different approaches used over time to purify plasmid DNA, ambitioning each excessive restoration and excessive purity ranges. Total, it’s introduced a essential dialogue counting on the relevance of the binding capability versus selectivity of the helps.

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